Methods in Enzymology Vol.127 Biomembranes, Part O: Protons and Water Structure and Translocation

This chapter describes the methods used to determine structure in water and aqueous solutions. To determine structure in fluids, the relevant diffraction data need to be supplemented by the calculations of the properties of suitable Hamiltonian model systems, which fit the diffraction data and other properties of the real system. Some applications of this procedure to water and aqueous solutions are described in the chapter. In a diffraction experiment, the sample of interest is embedded in a beam of radiation. A way to determine the structures of a fluid system is referred to as the “canonical method” and the elements of this method are discussed in the chapter. X-ray diffraction with the variation of the X-ray frequency may be used in the same way as neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution to generate independent linear combinations of partial structure factors. The basic instrumental requirement is for a tunable, intense, and stable X-ray source, such as a synchrotron. The solvent-averaged solute–solute pair potentials derived from the various BO-level Hamiltonians show more effect of the structure of the solvent than the Gurney type models, which are adjusted to fit various solution properties.

• Series: Methods in Enzymology (Book 127)
• Hardcover: 848 pages
• Publisher: Academic Press;
  
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 0121820270
• ISBN-13: 978-0121820275
• Product Dimensions: 6 x 9 inches

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